Cold Weather Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cold Weather - Essay Example Many people believe that flu and colds are caused by cold weather. To some extent, this notion is true. In essence, flu and colds are caused by viruses. However, people tend to be as close to each other as possible during cold seasons in an effort to keep warm. Getting too close to an individual with a cold or flu elevates your chances of getting the flu. In this viewpoint, cold weather contributes to the spread of colds and flu. In the contemporary world, people are increasingly being affected by lifestyle diseases such as diabetes and obesity due to sedentary lifestyles. One of the ways that such diseases could be avoided is through regular exercises and adopting healthier eating habits. During winter, people spend most of their time indoors and hence have little time to exercise outside their houses. Additionally, access to healthy foods is restricted during winter. For instance, it is difficult for an individual to walk to a supermarket selling fresh vegetables during cold seasons when fast foods can be brought into the house. In this regard, cold weather promotes unhealthy eating habits. People also react differently to changing climatic conditions. A switch from warm weather to winter could have psychological effects on individuals. During cold seasons, people are less likely to socialize and hence less likely to share their feelings and troubles with other individuals. Stress levels are more likely to be elevated when an individual is isolated from friends and family.

Direct and Indirect Cash Flow Essay Example for Free

Direct and Indirect Cash Flow Essay (According to â€Å"According to What Is The Difference Between The Direct Method And The Indirect Method For The Statement Of Cash Flows? (2004-2014),) â€Å"The main difference between the direct method and the indirect method involves the cash flows from operating activities, the first section of the statement of cash flows. (There is no difference in the cash flows reported in the investing and financing activities sections.) Under the direct method, the cash flows from operating activities will include the amounts for lines such as cash from customers and cash paid to suppliers. In contrast, the indirect method will show net income followed by the adjustments needed to convert the total net income to the cash amount from operating activities. The direct method must also provide a reconciliation of net income to the cash provided by operating activities. This is done automatically under the indirect method. Nearly all corporations prepare the statement of cash flows using the indirect method.† The reason for financial accounting standards board allows both methods are simple. Both statements of cash flow preparation methods are allowable under basic accounting standards. â€Å"The Financial Accounting Standards Board, however, prefers the direct method for the statement of cash flows. FASB prefers the method because business stakeholders find the statement easier to read than the indirect statement of cash flows. Companies prefer the indirect method as it is easier to prepare since the financial information is already at hand. Companies can include disclosures with either the direct or indirect statement of cash flows. These disclosures can detail any non-cash financing and investing activities. FASB often requires disclosures with the statement of cash flows. Companies can prepare a secondary statement noting any significant non-cash activities for stakeholders† (Direct Vs. Indirect Cash Flow Method, 1999-2014). References What is the difference between the direct method and the indirect method for the statement of cash flows? (2004-2014). Retrieved from http://www.accountingcoach.com Direct vs. Indirect Cash Flow Method. (1999-2014). Retrieved from http://www.ehow.com

Professor Vivian Bearing vs John Donne in the Play Wit by Margaret Edso

Is it possible to misunderstand something, yet still be guided toward its claims? Is it possible for something that ultimately has the greatest impact on your life to be unnoticed until the last possible moment? In most cases, a true revelation does not present itself until later in a person’s life. In the play Wit, by Margaret Edson, the character of Professor Vivian Bearing reaches a profound realization concerning one of the great impacts in her own life. Vivian, self-proclaimed intellectual and widely-feared professor, essentially devotes her life to the works of John Donne, a renowned metaphysical poet. She tirelessly prides herself on her exceptional skills and experience with analyzing Donne’s works, even in the midst of being diagnosed and treated for ovarian cancer. During her stay in the hospital, Vivian unwillingly sees that her lifetime analysis in Donne’s writings has only scratched the surface in comparison to the truth that she discovers in the last hours of her life. For the first time, she is able to personally relate to the speaker in the sonnets that she was supposedly so familiar with. In poetic terms, â€Å"wit† means the development of a metaphysical conceit. It is an insightful use of analogy, metaphor or inventive joining of dissimilar images to make a point in a poem. In these regards, this play has been appropriately titled. John Donne, whose Holy Sonnets make numerous appearances in the play, uses his metaphysical poetry to spark unrest, debate, and controversy. He himself wrestles with questions about faith, God’s mercy and judgment, human mortality, sin, damnation, absolution, and salvation. The Holy Sonnets are the product of doubter, one who has not yet found inner peace. This realization i... ...s a moment when she starts to see the true meaning but doesn’t want to accept it at first, which is evident from the groaning and â€Å"hiding.† However, at the end of the play and the end of her life, Vivian is ready to accept this truth that she herself is living out the same life as the speakers in Donne’s poems and begins â€Å"reaching for the light –â€Å" (Edson 66). Works Cited Donne, John. â€Å"Holy Sonnet 5, Holy Sonnet 6, Holy Sonnet 10.† John Donne’s Poetry: A Norton Critical Edition.†¨Ed. Donald R. Dickson. W.W. Norton & Company. New York, London. 2004. (Handout) Donne, John. â€Å"Hymn to God, my God, in My Sickness.† Poems of John Donne. vol I. E. K. Chambers, ed. London: Lawrence & Bullen, 1896. 211-212. Edson, Margaret. Wit. MCC Theater: New York City, NY, 1999 Gardner, Helen, ed. The Metaphysical Poets. London: Penguin, 1985.

Atlanta Home Loan – Case Study

Thank you for providing the background information of your company. Based on the information provided, there appears to be deficiencies in the control systems implemented within the operation. These control deficiencies were one of the main causes that allowed unintended individuals to gain unlawful control over Atlanta Home Loan. In order to prevent this from happening again, it is important to identify the main issues that caused the company to fall, generate alternatives to apply in the future, and evaluate these alternatives to see which controls would be most valuable to your future business.Control System AnalysisBefore attended the EMBA, your main system of control was action and result controls. Action controls were demonstrated in several control areas: direct monitoring of the credit inquiry of each loan application; close monitoring of the loan application/lead ratios and their trends to identify any irregularities; receiving funds directly from the proceeds at closing; re ceiving brokers’ checks overnight at AHL’s office or direct wiring of money to AHL’s general account. Result controls were demonstrated through AHL’s compensations to the loan officers based on who originated the deal.Since the school started, in addition to the existing controls, you have set  up remote monitoring system to keep track of employees’ daily activities as well as forwarded all corporate mails to California. These are also forms of action control. Provided that Wilbur generates revenues to the company, you compensate him through commissions. This is a result control.Generally, there are four types of common controls a firm can utilize when setting up their internal control systems: results, action, and personnel/cultural controls. As per the above analysis, it appears that AHL primarily used only action and result controls and lacked the use of the personnel and cultural controls. Action controls heavily rely on your personal effort in monitoring the behaviors of your employees; it does not promote goal congruence within the firm. Result controls provide autonomy or motivation for employees to strive better as a team, but the linkage between results and actions may not always be perfect.In the case of AHL, action and result controls are susceptible to fraudulent acts as they are evaluated based on the observation or outcome the company; they are more of reactive than proactive control systems. For example, there is a lack of monitoring of loan applications once they are past the loan officer level. In addition, there was a lack of segregation of duties within the departments of your firm.Wilbur had the use and privileges of AHL, as well, he was able to conduct human resources function at the same time have the authority to pay any office expenses. Further, signed blank checks were made available to the company management during your absence. These are control deficiencies that are visible for staff and are easy targets for misappropriations.Besides several weaknesses in controls, AHL does not have a sound company strategy. It is important to develop a corporate-level strategy by establishing a functional organizational structure as well as strengthen your business unit strategy by setting up a mission statement or a vision for your employees to realize.Preventing the Same Mistake from HappeningWe have identified the current controls implemented at AHL, some of the controls need improvements in order to prevent the same problems from happening. AHL should to consider strengthening your action controls by implementing the electronic links to the processors’ files so you can see the entire loan application process remotely instead of only checking the status at the loan officers’ level. In addition, Segregation of duties should be enforced by having separate individual personnel handling loan applications, loan submissions, paying office expenses, human resources, approving pay ments, and signing checks, etc.This would require the coordination of personnel controls which helps an organization find the right people, giving them a good working environment and the necessary resources to do their work. AHL should have a trained recruiting manager or an experienced staff to conduct the hiring and firing process. In addition, AHL should continue to establish a more effective motivational compensation plan (through its result controls) that not only rewards the outperforming staff, but also encourages synergy and goal congruence for the organization.This will be complemented through the implementation of cultural controls. AHL can set company code of conducts and statements of values, create an ethical tone at the top and promote employees in thinking more socially responsible. A company’s culture can unite its employees or attract new employees as they share a similar set of values. The alternative controls in place could help prevent your past mistakes a nd assist in hiring and rewarding trustworthy employees.RecommendationsAction, personnel, and cultural controls are three key controls that should be in place to reduce the probability of the case events reoccurring. If you can tighten the current action controls via the help of technology or an independent monitoring system, then the loan application to leads ratio could be significantly increased as it reduces the likelihood of any loan officers privately absorbing the loan applications without reporting them to the firm.A solid action control cannot be solely performed by your (one person), so implementation of personnel controls is essential which will allow you to recruit talented and trustworthy employees that prevent theft or fraud from reoccurring. Setting a clear mission statement and company corporate governance policy will provide an overall cultural support to the company that will complement the application of action and personnel controls. I hope the above memo can be a useful guidance for you in the future.

The Evolution and the Impact of Currency Futures in India

Currency futures trading started in India on August 29, 2008 on National Stock Exchange. This was the first time currency derivatives got listed on an exchange in India. Till this time, the currency futures trading took place over the counter and were unorganized. With the entry of the National Stock Exchange in the picture, currency trading became more organized with the NSE acting as a counter party to all the transactions. Soon after BSE and MCX also marked their entry into the currency derivatives market.Currency futures is mainly using as a risk management tool by exporters and importers. There are three types of traders are in the market i. e Hedgers, Speculators and Arbitragers. Currency futures are mainly used as a hedging instrument by importers and exporters. A foreign exchange deal is always done in currency pairs, for example USD-INR, GBP-INR, JPY-INR etc. In a currency pair, the first currency is referred to as the base currency and the second currency is referred to as the counter/base currency. Foreign exchange prices are highly volatile and fluctuate in real time basis.In foreign exchange contracts, the price fluctuation is expressed as appreciation/depreciation or the strengthening/weakening of a currency relative to other. The Currency futures contracts traded at the NSE have a tick size of Rs. 0025. tick value refers to the amount of money that is made or lost in a contract with each price movement. The spot market transaction does not imply immediate exchange of currency, rather the settlement (exchange of currency) takes place on a value date, which is usually two business days after the trade date.The price at which the deal takes place is known as the spot rate (also known as benchmark price). The two-day settlement period allows the parties to confirm the transaction and arrange payment to each other. A forward transaction is a currency transaction wherein the actual settlement date is at a specified future date, which is more than two w orking days after the deal date. The date of settlement and the rate of exchange (called forward rate) is specified in the contract.The difference between spot rate and forward rate is called â€Å"forward margin†. The pricing of currency futures can be done by using cost of carry model and interest rate parity principle. Importers are using long term strategy and exporters are using short term strategy. ` The trading can be done in NSE from 9. 00 am to 5 pm. Currency futures have a maximum expiration period of 12 months. Individuals, partnership firms, corporations and companies can participate in Currency future market. There are certain set of eligibility criteria for membership.The trading system at NSE is known as NEAT-CDS(National Exchange for Automated Trading- Currency Derivative Segment). The final settlement of futures contracts is effected on T+2 day basis as per the timelines specified by the clearing corporation. The final settlement date is the contract expiry d ate. Since the final settlement is done on the contract expiry date, the last trading day is two working days prior to the last business day of the expiry month at 12 noon.Derivative is a product whose value is derived from the value of one or more basic variables called base (underlying asset, index, or reference rate), in a contractual manner. The underlying asset can be equity, foreign exchange, commodity or any other asset. For example, wheat farmers may wish to sell their harvest at a future date to eliminate the risk of a change in prices by that date. Such a transaction is an example of a derivative. The price of this derivative is driven by the spot price of wheat which is the â€Å"underlying†.In the Indian context the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956 [SC(R)A] defines â€Å"derivative† to include- 1. A security derived from a debt instrument, share, loan whether secured or unsecured, risk instrument or contract for differences or any other form of s ecurity. 2. A contract which derives its value from the prices, or index of prices, of underlying securities Derivatives are securities under the SC(R)A and hence the trading of derivatives is governed by the regulatory framework under the SC(R)A.The term derivative has also been defined in section 45U(a) of the RBI act as follows: An instrument, to be settled at a future date, whose value is derived from change in interest rate, foreign exchange rate, credit rating or credit index, price of securities (also called â€Å"underlying†), or a combination of more than one of them and includes interest rate swaps, forward rate agreements, foreign currency swaps, foreign currency-rupee swaps, foreign currency options, foreign currency-rupee options or such other instruments as may be specified by the Bank from time to time.

Swifts A Modest Proposal Essay Example

Swifts A Modest Proposal Essay Example Swifts A Modest Proposal Essay Swifts A Modest Proposal Essay Swifts A Modest Proposal Name: Course: Date: Swifts A Modest Proposal In this reading, there is a surprise ending in the writer’s proposal for how infants who cannot be provided for by their parents should be butchered and sold as meat for meals of the rich in his society. The writer calls for whoever can propose a fair, cheap and easy way to make children beggars useful members of the society to do so, and receive honor from the public. It is a surprise ending therefore that after acknowledging the need for a fair way of getting rid of this unfortunate situation, where women even kill their bastard children to reduce the number of mouths they have to feed, proposes that these infants be eaten as a meal. The act he proposes is just as evil as the killing of bastard children by some women in his society. The surprise ending became identifiable when the writer informed the reader of what his American acquaintance in London told him. He was informed that a young healthy infant at about the age of one year could provide a nourishing and wholesome meal regardless of the manner of cooking. The explanations the writer gives to support his proposal are correct in this context but are outright evil. The royals eating the infants would reduce the high number of paupers in their population. This as he rightfully puts it, would be a collateral advantage. His calculations that the mother would have eight shillings profit upon selling her infant after having spent two shillings to nourish the infant and receiving ten shillings from the squire, are correct to the extent of aiding the mother financially, but not morally. He also says that upon selling their children, the tenants would have money to pay their rent and rid themselves of the costs of maintaining these children also ridding them the agony of begging in the streets. Despite the writer’s observation that such a practice would make mothers look after their children with better care, it is however not morally admissible. Education as a social factor contributes to historical change by increasing the population’s awareness in deciding against an issue at hand or in deciding in favor of that issue. This happens in elections and referenda. An informed vote could vote either to retain a good leader or vote against a bad leader. Traditions as a cultural factor influence the historical direction a society takes. Societies that have liberal cultures will change more because of their easy reception to change faster than societies that have conservative traditions. Artistic contributions inspiring revolution result to historical change. Songs and other art forms inspiring revolution could lead to uprisings against the status quo leading to significant change in a society’s governance structure. It is important to correctly place a society’s cultural and artistic expressions in its historical context to identify whether that society is conservative or liberal in its approach to change. Societies observed to be conservative will be hesitant towards change in their structures and institutions therefore being less prone to historical change. Liberal societies are receptive to changes in their societal structures and are prone to historical changes. Religion largely contributes to a conservative culture and social relations in a society. Artistic expressions in a conservative society are also limited with clear boundaries on what artists can express and how they can express them. Higher intellectual capacity creates more liberal social relations and artistic expressions of members of a society. Legislations made through politics define the cultural and artistic environment of a society. Socio-economic forces determine the advancements made by a society artistically. Societies that are better placed economically have a better artistic environment that allows and funds artists to express themselves more freely than artists in societies lagging behind economically. The two world wars are two major historical events to have taken place after the renaissance influencing all cultures as these wars were fought worldwide. A major historical event after the renaissance in African culture was the colonization of Africa by European and American powers. World Cultures World cultures are the different ways of living by people in different parts of the world. Examples of world cultures include African culture, American culture, Asian culture, and contemporary urban culture. African culture is conservative with strong ties to African traditional institutions and norms. The American culture is both conservative and dynamic since it is formed by a collection of cultures from across the world. Asian culture also has both liberal and conservative tendencies, with strong cultural heritage in art, music, cuisine and literature. Urban culture is prevalent in towns, cities and other urban centers. The urban culture in different towns and cities differs in different countries in terms of fashion and different styles of urban music.

The Economic Impact of Terrorism on September 11

The Economic Impact of Terrorism on September 11 The economic impact of terrorism can be calculated from a variety of perspectives. There are direct costs to property and immediate effects on productivity as well as longer-term, indirect costs of responding to terrorism. These costs can be calculated quite minutely; for example, calculations have been made about how much money would be lost in productivity if we all had to stand in line at the airport for an extra hour every time we flew. (Not as much as we think, but the line of reasoning finally provides a rationale for the unreasonable fact that first class passengers wait less. Maybe someone is guessing, rightly, that an hour of their time costs more than an hour of others). Economists and others have tried to calculate the economic impact of terrorism for years in areas beset by attacks, such as Spains Basque region and Israel. In the last several years, most analyses of terrorisms economic costs begin with an interpretation of the costs of the September 11, 2001, attacks. The studies examined are fairly consistent in concluding that the direct costs of the attack were less than feared. The size of the American economy, a speedy response by the Federal Reserve to domestic and global market needs, and Congressional allocations to the private sector helped cushion the blow. The response to the attacks, however, has been costly indeed. Defense and homeland security spending are by far the largest cost of the attack. However, as economist Paul Krugman has asked, should the expenditure on ventures such as the Iraq war really be considered a response to terrorism, or a political program enabled by terrorism. The human cost, of course, is incalculable. Direct Economic Impact of Terrorist Attack The direct cost of the September 11 attack has been estimated at somewhat over $20 billion. Paul Krugman cites a property loss estimate by the Comptroller of the City of New York of $21.8 billion, which he has said is about 0.2 % of the GDP for a year (The Costs of Terrorism: What Do We Know? presented at Princeton University in December 2004). Similarly, the OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) estimated that the attack cost the private sector $14 billion and the federal government $0.7 billion, while clean-up was estimated at $11 billion. According to R. Barry Johnston and Oana M. Nedelscu in the IMF Working Paper, The Impact of Terrorism on Financial Markets, these numbers are equal to about 1/4 of 1 percent of the US annual GDPapproximately the same result arrived at by Krugman. So, although the numbers by themselves are substantial, to say the least, they could be absorbed by the American economy as a whole. Economic Impact on Financial Markets New Yorks financial markets never opened on September 11 and reopened a week later for the first time on September 17. The immediate costs to the market were due to damage to the communications and other transaction processing systems that had been located in the World Trade Center. Although there were immediate repercussions in world markets, based on the uncertainty engendered by the attacks, recovery was relatively swift. Economic Impact of Defense and Homeland Security Spending Defense and security spending increased by a massive amount in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks. Glen Hodgson, the Deputy Chief Economist for the EDC (Export Development Canada) explained the costs in 2004: The US alone now spends about US $500 billion annually20 percent of the US federal budgeton departments directly engaged in combating or preventing terrorism, most notably Defense and Homeland Security. The Defense budget increased by one-third, or over $100 billion, from 2001 to 2003 in response to the heightened sense of the threat of terrorism – an increase equivalent to 0.7 per cent of US GDP. Expenditures on defense and security are essential for any nation, but of course they also come with an opportunity cost; those resources are not available for other purposes, from spending on health and education to reductions in taxes. A higher risk of terrorism, and the need to combat it, simply raises that opportunity cost. Krugman asks, regarding this expenditure: The obvious, but perhaps unanswerable, question is to what extent this additional security spending should be viewed as a response to terrorism, as opposed to a political program enabled by terrorism. Not to put too fine a point on it: the Iraq war, which seems likely to absorb about 0.6 percent of America’s GDP for the foreseeable future, clearly wouldn’t have happened without 9/11. But was it in any meaningful sense a response to 9/11? Economic Impact on Supply Chains Economists also assess terrorisms impact on global supply chains, the sequence of steps that suppliers of goods take to get products from one area to another. These steps can become extremely costly in terms of time and money when extra layers of security at ports and land borders are added to the process. According to the OECD, higher transportation costs could have an especially negative effect on emerging economies that have benefited from a decrease in costs in the last decade and thus on countries ability to combat poverty. It does not seem entirely far-fetched to imagine that in some instances, barriers meant to safeguard populations from terrorism would actually amplify the risk: poor countries that might have to slow exports because of the cost of security measures are at a greater risk because of the effects of poverty, of political destabilization, and of radicalization among their populations.

Tricky Cases of Subject-Verb Agreement

Tricky Cases of Subject-Verb Agreement In the present tense, a verb must agree in number with its subject. Thats the basic principle of subject-verb agreement. Its a simple enough rule, but on certain occasions even experienced writers can slip up on it. Lets have a look at three of the trickier cases of subject-verb agreement: Making subject and verb agree when words come between themReaching agreement when the subject is an indefinite pronounMaking the verbs have, do, and be agree with their subjects CASE #1: Making Subject and Verb Agree When Words Come Between Them In determining subject-verb agreement, dont let yourself be confused by words that come between the subject and the verb. Lets compare these two sentences: This box belongs in the attic.This box of ornaments belongs in the attic. In both sentences, the verb belongs agrees with its subject, box. Dont let the prepositional phrase in the second sentence fool you into thinking that ornaments is the subject. Its  simply the object of the preposition of and does not affect the agreement of subject and verb. Prepositional phrases (as well as adjective clauses, appositives, and participle phrases) often come between a subject and a verb. So to make sure that a verb agrees with its subject and not with a word in the phrase or clause, mentally cross out the interrupting group of words: One (of my sisters friends) is a pilot.The people (who survived the explosion) are in a shelter.A man (chasing unicorns) is on the terrace. Remember, then, that the subject is not always the noun closest to the verb. Rather, the subject is the noun (or pronoun) that names what the sentence is about, and it may be separated by several words from the verb. CASE #2: Reaching Agreement When the Subject Is an Indefinite Pronoun Remember to add an -s to the end of the verb in the present tense if the subject is one of the indefinite pronouns listed below: one (anyone, everyone, no one, someone)anybody (everybody, somebody, nobody)anything (everything, something, nothing)each, either, neither As a general rule, treat these words as third-person singular pronouns (he, she, it). In the following sentences, each subject is an indefinite pronoun and each verb ends in -s: Nobody claims to be perfect.Everybody plays the fool sometimes.Each of the divers has an oxygen tank. In that last sentence, note that has agrees with the subject each, not with divers (the object of the preposition). CASE #3: Making Have, Do, and Be Agree With Their Subjects Although all verbs follow the same principle of agreement, certain verbs seem to be a little more troublesome than others. In particular, many agreement errors result from the misuse of the common verbs have, do, and be. We need to remember that the verb have appears as has if the subject is a singular noun or a third-person singular pronoun (he, she, it): Dana Barrett has ghosts in her bedroom. If the subject is a plural noun or the pronoun I, you, we, or they, use have: The Ghostbusters have a new client. In a nutshell, She has, but They have. Similarly, the verb do appears as does if the subject is a singular noun or, once again, a third-person singular pronoun (he, she, it): Gus does the housework. If the subject is a plural noun or the pronoun I, you, we, or they, use do: Gus and Martha  do the chores together. Are you beginning to see a pattern here? Then lets mix it up just a little bit. The verb be has three forms in the present tense: is, am, are. Use is if the subject is a singular noun or a third-person singular pronoun (he, she, it): Dr. Venkman is unhappy. Use am if the subject is the first-person singular pronoun (I): I am not the person you think I am. Finally, if the subject is a plural noun or the pronoun you, we, or they, use are: The fans are in the stands, and we are ready to play. Now, lets take one more look at these three verbs- -but from a different angle. Sometimes a subject may follow (rather than precede) a form of the verb have, do, and be. As shown in the sentences below, this reversal of the usual order occurs in questions that require a helping verb: Where has Egon parked the car?What do you do in your free time?Are we having a test today? In all of these sentences, the present forms of have, do, and be serve as helping verbs  and appear in front of their subjects. Another case in which a form of the verb be comes before the subject is in sentences beginning with the words there or here: There is a unicorn in the garden.Here are the photocopies. Just keep in mind that no matter where a verb appears in a sentence, it must still agree with its subject.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF BUSINESS PLAN Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF BUSINESS PLAN - Essay Example Past predictions held that the global textile and clothing industry would have become a $500 billion market by the year 2010 (Govett, 2006). While many products in the US are imported from China, the recent product needs are creating a lot of opportunities for Turkish companies. Therefore, my target clients will be the modern and elite consumers of Turkey, Europe, and the US. In textile industry, the most beneficial business results from manufacturing the product for the modern elite because they are the people with the largest amount of disposable money and are willing to invest in clothes frequently for fashion and style. Having modern elite as the target audience also directs manufacturers’ attention more toward quality of work than quantity. Clothes thus produced are sophisticated and of a very high quality and can thus be presented on international fashion shows which in turn helps the business entrepreneur get global fame for the company. International exposure is very necessary if a business entrepreneur has plans of expanding the company globally after its establishment. My designs would be inspired by nature in general. I shall take inspiration from the dramatic color combinations of beautiful birds and natural scenes. Some brands that I would consider for inspiration and direction include Gucci and Armani. My promotion strategy will be based on two things; first, using the existing channels of promotion that my father has been using for decades and second, using the Internet in general and social media in particular as the channel of promotion. I shall start over by making the clothes accessible for purchasing to the people online. I shall also get my clothing line advertised in the magazines popular among the modern elite, and get my clothes modeled in famous fashion shows once I have sufficient collection. Therefore, the channels I shall be using will include

Landscape Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Landscape - Essay Example This island also inhabits grasslands and mountainous areas as well as plateaus, which spread throughout the country. Its fame also comes from the Blue-Mountains appearing from the southeastern end of the country. The blue haze name emanates from oil droplets trickling from the eucalyptus trees. The many beautiful beaches cap the geographical uniqueness of this island. In Australia, indeed, there are many things to be curious about; it is truly a unique country as this largely feature as the monuments and vernacular landscape traits of the country. Origin of the landscape In the 18th century, Captain Cook discovered the island of Australia 1770. This is where the originality of this country lies even though there might be other chances that another voyage ship might have graced the country. This emanates from the possibility that a Portuguese first sighted the country. The Dutch are also known to have explored the coastal region of the country by the 1640s. It therefore earns the acco lades as the lowest, flattest, and oldest continental landmass on Earth. It had the relatively stable geological history. Its formation involves forces such as tectonic uplift of the mountains ranges or clashes between tectonic plates in early landscape history. This occurred still when Australia was part of Gondwana. T he highest peak of Australia, which resulted due to the tectonic forces, was about 7,310 ft, which is comparatively low in assessment to the premier mountains in other continents (Duncan, Nuala, and Richard 92). The current shape of the continent has its shape because of the erosion, which has heavily weathered Australia’s surface area. The country now sits in the middle of the tectonic plate hence no active volcanism. As a result, the first European settlement in the country was in January 1788. It is this time, after the discovery of the Island. The first fleet sailed into Botany Bay under the command of Command Arthur Philip, establishing Australia first as a penal colony by the 1640s. Ethnic makeup of its people Australia’s original inhabitants, the Aborigines, settled there between the ages of 42,000 and 48,000 years ago. These inhabitants arrived via the land bridge and short sea crossing from South East Asia. At these ages, the sea water levels were relatively low as compared to the soaring heights in today’s Australia. The original inhabitants were soon out-numbered by the settlers (Duncan, Nuala, and Richard 88). The story of migration, like any other country in the era of colonization, brought another sect of its population. Nevertheless, the Australian history of its ethnic population does not stop there. Immigrants keep arriving in this country. This continuous flow of immigrants makes its history steeped with the settlers. Their arrival has had an effect on the land and its people. The Role of religion in forming places In the 21st century, religion in Australia purely comes as Christianity. 61.14 % of the Aust ralian population predisposes itself to Christianity as per the census of 2011. In respect to history, the current percentage is far much higher and the religious landscape is diversifying. This comes along with the multicultural immigration as 22.3% of people with no population. With 8.55% of the population not able to incline to a certain religion, the remaining population consists of a diverse group of Buddhist at 2.46%, Islamic at 2.21%, Hindu at 1.28%, Jewish at 0.45% and Sikh at 0.3% of the entire

Intercultural communication( this is the course I am studying, not the Assignment - 2

Intercultural communication( this is the course I am studying, not the topic) - Assignment Example One way to do it is to subsidize the foods in the canteen by giving employees food stamps and giving them free staple foods as part of their benefit like giving them a sack of rice or whatever their basic foods are. Response to classmate 1: This is a very sensible and heroic thing to do to instead spare the child from the danger of working in the street and instead take the danger to yourself. Then let the child work in the safe environment of the factory. But it would have been better if the two of you could work there because exposing yourself in an unsafe environment is very dangerous especially if the health center is far. Response to classmate 2: I agree with you to have a clinic rather than chose a street with potential violence but what if you have to make a choice and your choice is limited. Would you have your child work in the street

Corporate governance and ownership reforms in Japan Essay

Corporate governance and ownership reforms in Japan - Essay Example The paper will review recent shareholder activism, board structure, the latest corporate scandal, and reforms in the regulative environment of Japanese corporate governance as well as judicial system reformation conducted in the past few years. The paper will also present an analysis of data collected from previous research on the effects of foreign investment in Japanese firms and the introduction and assimilation of U.S. boardroom structures to Japanese corporations. The paper will further examine the attitudes of Japanese managers, legal practitioners, and acceptance and resistance to traditional governance methods vis-a-vis the new U.S.-style forms of governance and ownership structures. Also, the paper will delve into the conflicts and tensions created by the adoption of U.S.-style shareholder activism or board structures in the corporate world among the Japanese business legal practices, and provide analysis of some of the factors involved in such frictions. Introduction The li nkage between corporate ownership and governance has been studied for many decades from various angles. While this area of scholarship had largely emphasized the widely-held type of ownership2 and agency problems that arose out of it,3 corporate ownership and governance issues continue to differ worldwide even after economies or business practices have largely converged.4 As corporate activity spread across the world, scholarship has gradually started to focus on institutional and functional differences.5 Broadly speaking, the analysis of this divergence has been conducted through how corporate governance converted and persisted. While convergence optimists claim dominance toward the U.S.-type shareholder-centered model,6 the ownership structure and unique characteristics of corporate ownership and governance still remain significant. The persistence of this divergence is analyzed through the theory of complementarity in each corporate governance system.7 It is true that the global corporate governance system certainly seems to be unified both functionally and formally, despite persisting differences.8 However, as seen in the example of Japan in this paper, corporate ownership and governance are shaped by historical path-dependence, and the social norms of each country still plays an important role in corporate governance. The reformation of corporate ownership and governance in Japan after the collapse of so-called bubble economy in 1990 is a prime example of corporate governance convergence and persistence. Corporate ownership in Japan had been characterized by reciprocal cross-shareholdings among corporation and banks. Also, corporate governance in Japan has a unique character where the main bank and employee interests play a central role with insider-oriented boards. As we will see in the following chapter, this structure experienced significant change after the 1990s through dissolving cross-ownership and adopting some shareholder-oriented, Anglo-American rules of governance. While these reformations can be considered as a corporate conversion caused by globalization, many Japanese corporations still retain unique governance characteristics and adopt U.S-style rules and practices, causing conflict and tension among Japanese businesses and legal practitioners. This paper attempts to address the issue derived from corporate conversion and persistence that occurred very recently in Japan. I: Dissolution of Cross

Difference between Noir and Neo-Noir Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Difference between Noir and Neo-Noir - Assignment Example All the films of this type had similar idea and topic. Often they described difficult situations that had to be overcome by the antihero. The introduction of antihero is a very important characteristic of noir style. The main hero was not noble and positive, he had many drawbacks, but still managed to make readers like him. The key element of this type of films was portraying the life of people with negative characteristics or bad reputations. The lives of criminals and gangsters were often used as central theme. The noir films were created in 1940 -1950 until the new term was introduced. In the 1970s the term â€Å"neo-noir† appeared. The difference between the genres was in the technologies that were used in the 1970s. Another peculiarity of the neo-noir films was their modernization, as they commonly depicted events, which happen at the time when they were created. Such type of movies appeared due to the great number of social attitudes. The noir films managed to change the views of people. The possibility to have any kind of relations with the antiheroes and not just to reject them was the main idea of the noir films. The noir films made people like and admire the main heroes. The position of the neo-noir films where one had just to observe and not to be a part of the performance was quite different. The theme of the film predetermines such attitude of the watchers. A number of new topics were presented by neo-noir films (Difference between Noir and Neo-Noir). The Double Indemnity is the classical noir film that was created in the 1914 by Bill Walder. The film was based on the play by James Keyne, which had the narrative character or technique. The Double Identity was included in the list of films of the National Register by the Congress Library in 1992. According to the critics, this picture is the most completed and recommended tutorial on the noir films. One of the brightest femme fatale images in the history of filmmaking was create by the Barbar a Stenwick. Experts state that film by Walder had become the model for a number of films about vamp women, who ruinously influenced the honest men. In the 1981 the movie was re-shoot under the title Body Heat. The title of the movie depicted the traditional state of the insurance policy of that time that provided the guarantee of the double payment in case if insured person died from the accident. A handsome insurance agent Walter Neff, the hero of Fred Murrey, met the fatal blonde Fillis Dietrichson that was played by the Barbara Stenwick. Dierichson easily charmed the main hero Neff. The name and the manners of the main heroine remind us about Marlen Dietrich. Dietrichson manipulated Neff and persuaded him to get rid from her husband and in order to guarantee the prosperous life in future gave the insurance policy with the double indemnity for signature to her doomed husband. The criminals had realized their plan skillfully. The next day the coworker and the friend of Neff Barton Kiz intervened. Not even suspecting Neff he turned the life of the murderer into nightmare. Keyne’s narrative was based on the real crime that was committed in the 1927 and stirred up the whole America. First drafts appeared in the 1935 but they were banned by the advocates of the Heise Code who considered the story to be immoral. The isolated detached houses of 1920s build in the colonial style were chosen for shooting. You can notice the script writer Raymond Chandler who had accidently been in the

Corporate governance and ownership reforms in Japan Essay

Corporate governance and ownership reforms in Japan - Essay Example The paper will review recent shareholder activism, board structure, the latest corporate scandal, and reforms in the regulative environment of Japanese corporate governance as well as judicial system reformation conducted in the past few years. The paper will also present an analysis of data collected from previous research on the effects of foreign investment in Japanese firms and the introduction and assimilation of U.S. boardroom structures to Japanese corporations. The paper will further examine the attitudes of Japanese managers, legal practitioners, and acceptance and resistance to traditional governance methods vis-a-vis the new U.S.-style forms of governance and ownership structures. Also, the paper will delve into the conflicts and tensions created by the adoption of U.S.-style shareholder activism or board structures in the corporate world among the Japanese business legal practices, and provide analysis of some of the factors involved in such frictions. Introduction The li nkage between corporate ownership and governance has been studied for many decades from various angles. While this area of scholarship had largely emphasized the widely-held type of ownership2 and agency problems that arose out of it,3 corporate ownership and governance issues continue to differ worldwide even after economies or business practices have largely converged.4 As corporate activity spread across the world, scholarship has gradually started to focus on institutional and functional differences.5 Broadly speaking, the analysis of this divergence has been conducted through how corporate governance converted and persisted. While convergence optimists claim dominance toward the U.S.-type shareholder-centered model,6 the ownership structure and unique characteristics of corporate ownership and governance still remain significant. The persistence of this divergence is analyzed through the theory of complementarity in each corporate governance system.7 It is true that the global corporate governance system certainly seems to be unified both functionally and formally, despite persisting differences.8 However, as seen in the example of Japan in this paper, corporate ownership and governance are shaped by historical path-dependence, and the social norms of each country still plays an important role in corporate governance. The reformation of corporate ownership and governance in Japan after the collapse of so-called bubble economy in 1990 is a prime example of corporate governance convergence and persistence. Corporate ownership in Japan had been characterized by reciprocal cross-shareholdings among corporation and banks. Also, corporate governance in Japan has a unique character where the main bank and employee interests play a central role with insider-oriented boards. As we will see in the following chapter, this structure experienced significant change after the 1990s through dissolving cross-ownership and adopting some shareholder-oriented, Anglo-American rules of governance. While these reformations can be considered as a corporate conversion caused by globalization, many Japanese corporations still retain unique governance characteristics and adopt U.S-style rules and practices, causing conflict and tension among Japanese businesses and legal practitioners. This paper attempts to address the issue derived from corporate conversion and persistence that occurred very recently in Japan. I: Dissolution of Cross

Short paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Short paper - Essay Example The basic requirements for putting on a successful sport event are covered in the first of the course lectures (Lecture 1, 2010) and begins by underlining the importance of the role of the sport event manager – the person who is in overall charge - and has the ultimate responsibility for the success, or failure of the event. As there will be many different but interlocking facets the event manager is generally assisted by sport event co-ordinators each handling a specific range of issues. Essentially the organisation of a successful event requires an accurate appreciation of the intended scope of the enterprise, ranging from minor directed towards local audiences to major [mega]events capable of attracting greater numbers and significant media coverage which target international audiences and require large public financial support. All of them have – to a greater or lesser degree – similar requirements [with differences in scale] and include the need to harness sponsorship, the support of the relevant sport agencies as well as local, national and international groups and federations. This is also handled in Lecture 2(2010) and the requirements are portrayed in an elegant interaction diagram (Lecture 2, 2010) as is the organisational chart of the International Olympic Committee, together with its interaction with host country agencies. This is important since to host an Olympic series is one of the pinnacles of sport events. Central to the event’s success are finance and sponsorship. The funding of the event can be secured through government and institutional grants, levies on associations, industrial and commercial sponsorship, rich individuals and a multitude of large and small stakeholders as well as gate receipts (Lecture 2, 2010). which were covered in the lectures namely: what was essential for ensuring success?

Essay about Aristotle Essay Example for Free

Essay about Aristotle Essay Aristotle Life Aristotle was born in the year 384 B. C in Stagira, Greece. Aristotle’s father was a court physician to a Macedonian king. Aristotle would the Macedonian influence for the rest of his life and will keep strong connections the Macedonian court. When Aristotle was 17 he was sent to Athens for a better education where he then attended Plato’s Academy, the finest school in Athens. Aristotle created a very close relationship with Plato and his academy. Aristotle did not take over Plato’s position because of the Aristotle felt differently about some of Plato’s statements about philosophy (Kenny, 2012). In 338 B. C Aristotle returned home to Macedonia to start teaching the young Alexander the Great. After Alexander had conquered Greece in 335 B. C Aristotle returned to Athens, and with Alexander’s permission Aristotle began his own school, the school was called â€Å"Lyceum†. In the same year that the school was opened Aristotle’s wife had passed away (Kenny, 2012). In 323 B.C Alexander The Great suddenly passed away and the Macedonian government was overthrown, and Aristotle was charged with impiety. Aristotle ran away to avoid execution he fled to Chalcis where he spent the rest of his life to die (Kenny, 2012). Motivation To Pursue Science Aristotle was born into the world of science, beginning with medicine. His father was a highly respected court physician. Aristotle was raised with science being a huge part of his life. Aristotle also attended one of the most prestigious schools in Greece. At the Lyceum Aristotle was exposed to a large amount of diverse subjects (Unknown, 2012). This is when Aristotle could have learned small amounts of each topic. Aristotle grew up in a Macedonian empire where he was surrounded by science, and this intrigued him and started his interest in studying natural sciences (Unknown, 2012). Aristotle was a very important figure to many different subjects, and made a contribution to many fields such as philosophy, astronomy, and logic. Contributions To The World Of Science. Aristotle gave influence to a variety of different topics and had a huge impact on the world of science through many different theories and views. Many people regarded Aristotle very highly and respected him just as must. Aristotle formed very important laws of motion, these laws are foundational in the subjects physics and astronomy. This law states that; heavier things fall faster and the speed of something falling depends on what it is falling through (Fowler, 2008). These play an important role because they are crucial variables in physics. These are also basic rules in the world of astronomy and understanding gravity. One of the most important things that came from Aristotle was Aristotle’s Method. This is a method used to investigate a topic. This is now the main format that research pages use. The method has only three steps; defining the subject, considering the difficulties involved by reviewing the generally accepted views on the subject and finally, presenting your arguments and proof of the matter (Fowler, 2012). This method has been used throughout centuries for researchers as guidelines for researchers to write their papers. Finally, the last contribution being discussed is Aristotle’s Causes. Aristotle believed in nature that animals and plants had four main causes; matter, form, moving cause, and final cause. For example, an author used an example of a table, the matter is wood, the form is the shape of the table, the moving cause is the fabricator of the table, and the final cause is the reason for the production of the table (Fowler, 2012). The purpose of this â€Å"experiment† was to view the progression of an animal, or object and to see the subject in its final stage. A final note, Aristotle also convinced the scientific community that the world was geocentric, that the world was at the middle of the universe and that stars and the other plants circled perfectly around the Earth. In conclusion, Aristotle was the chosen topic of this essay because he always has a part of each topic in the class. I never learned anything about Aristotle up until this point. Aristotle influenced an entire nation and the whole world of science. Aristotle had major inputs on many different sciences, including astronomy, physics, biology, and logic. Aristotle proved to be an interesting subject to research. Aristotle was the kind of person that’s opinions and views never changed, Aristotle was so involved with his science that he was sought out by government to be killed. It was interesting that Aristotle had an impact on the amount of sciences that he did. References Kenny, A. K. (2012). bio.. Retrieved November 12, 2012 from http://www. biography. com/people/aristotle-9188415? page=1 Unknown. (2012, January 16). Gradesaver. Retrieved November 13, 2013 from http://www. gradesaver. com/author/aristotle/ Fowler, M. (2008, September 03). U. va. physics. Retrieved November 14, 2012 from http://galileoandeinstein. physics. virginia. edu/lectures/aristot2. html Johnson, V. (2009, May 28). Early astronomers: Ptolemy, aristotle, copernicus, and galileo. Retrieved November 14, 2012 from http://kids. librarypoint. org/node/2280/.

Importance Of An Operating System

Importance Of An Operating System An operating system (sometimes referred to as OS in the acronym) is a process, after the initial startup programs are loaded into the computer, management, computer, all the other programs. Other programs are called applications or application. The application makes use of the operating system through a defined application program interface (API) service request. In addition, the user can interact with the user interface operating system, such as direct command language or graphical user interface (GUI). Operating system is system software, the computer work. We can say that an operating system (OS) is software and hardware interfaces for your behavior. It contains not only speak the language for hardware drivers, but also provide you with a very specific graphical user interface (GUI) to control the computer. An operating system can also be used as an interface (from the hardware) to other software. Like Windows or Linux or a Mac OS operating system provides a complex operating system services, but also has inch Solitaire, paint, Messenger build applications, are applied. Application software is software that you install your operating system. It includes procedures, just let you use your computer things. These applications are run on various operating systems. These include like your word processing program, spreadsheet things, e-mail client, Web browser, games and many other programs, such as most of Microsofts Office suite is written in the Mac and Windows versions, but you still have to have your correct version of the operating system. When an ISPs preliminary consideration is to look at the type of access required. Some ISP only provides dial-up access, is the slowest type of connection. If you want cable service, you will check with your local cable provider to see if it is to provide cable access. For DSL service, you may have several options or it may be DSL is not yet available in your area. Typically, this can be remedied by telephone calls to improve the local telephone company lines. Each ISP has its own privacy policy and service (TOS) contract terms that users must agree to before subscription will be accepted. Privacy policy say the company will not with the personal information collected at the time of registration. Name, address, credit card number, is usually required. Privacy policy and under what conditions should also be your personal information with third parties may be, government officials or others to share state. Terms of service contract use of this service. For example, dial-up access is often sold unlimited access, but this is not literally. General limit per month dial-up accounts 250-400 hours, depending on ISP. The real unlimited access (to your computer and actively connected to the Internet 24 / 7) are called dedicated access. Most DSL or cable subscriptions allow dedicated access. ISP services to the relevant provisions of the contract hackers rule also provides protection of copyrighted material, denial of service attacks, harassing other people, spam, damage to services, and many others. This is, most of the ISPs protection of the law so that potential customers know that ISP will absolutely not be tolerated. If you are planning to use cyberspace ISP, is also limited in the checks here. Many ISP does not allow commercial sites are set up on the server. This usually means that nothing can be sold from your personal web space, including, for example, a software program, you say, original music, or any other items. ISPs website often for personal use only, blog, post pictures, and more. An operating system on multiple operating systems to share hardware resources solutions. We have presented its structure, and suggested using the Linux operating system for ix86-based implementation. We also defined the field of application. Although the discussion of the implementation focused around the use ix86 Linux, proposed concept can be extended to other structures and other basic operating system to provide the same functionality. Because the operating system market and the current state of research, advanced Earth observation satellites can be used between the two areas to provide a bridge to promote greater flexibility and cooperation in the development of the operating system. This will provide the necessary development of user-friendly operating environment, not by a single choice of operating systems limited the flexibility of the application system administrators and programmers. An internet service provider: main purpose behind this directory is to help our site visitors who provide a great look on the Internet. We provide Internet access to the premium list will be your first choice. We list some of the most gaps in customer satisfaction according to our higher premium based on the list of rations ISP provider. ISP provider for the premiums we have an individual review pages. Basically, we have our web site differ in two major parts: the broadband Internet and high dial-up Internet access. According to our broadband Internet prices you can find them together, planning, review and rating such as cable Internet, DSL providers, broadband wireless Internet service providers and low-cost supplier of ISDN provider

We Can Stop Global Warming Essay -- Environmental Global Climate Chang

We Can Stop Global Warming   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nowadays, the earth is presenting drastic changes. There are different factors that have influenced to provoke these changes. The man is one if not the main responsible. With the modern world and its speed in which life is developed everyday, the man may not sometimes think of a long-term harm that is provoking. It has been recognized that human activity is slowly increasing the atmospheric concentration of several gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is the colloquial term to refer to enhanced global warming. The green house effect is what keeps the earth habitable, without the greenhouse effect the temperatures would be too cold for human live.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Over the past 100 years, global temperatures have increased by about one degree Fahrenheit, with the 1990s to date the warmest decade on record, according to NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Scientists predict that, unless greenhouse gases emissions are reduced substantially, Earth’s average global temperature will rise by two to six degrees by the next century. Since people are causing global warming, they can also prevent it from getting worse or to stop it at all. To prevent global warming we must reduce usage of greenhouse gases emissions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a vital source to the greenhouse effect. Humans have made buildings and machines that release CO2 into the air. Large amounts of CO2 in the atmosphere causes more heat to be...

Compares Adolf Hitler to Machiavelli’s “The Prince” Essay

Adolf Hitler, the self-proclaimed â€Å"savior† of the German people. He was an insecure, egotistical man, who ominously controlled the German people. Hitler thought that he could change things with force, which soon got him into trouble, and landed him in jail. During his time in jail, Hitler had turned over direction of the Nazi party to Alfred Rosenberg. Rosenberg edited the party’s newspaper, the Và ¶lkischer Beobacter (Popular Observer), but had no administrative ability. As a result, Hitler easily resumed complete control of the party upon his release in December 1924.In the years from 1925 to 1930; Hitler built up a network of local party organizations over most of Germany, and reorganized the SA. At the same time he organized the SS, to protect him, supervise and control the party, and perform police tasks. Hitler’s mass of followers began to grow, and soon those who didn’t follow him soon became the minority. Hitler gained political power soon af ter and his reign of terror began, ending with the deaths of over 6 million Jews that were persecuted by the Nazis, because they were supposedly the problem in Germany. Hitler indiscriminately followed some of Machiavelli’s principles as described in â€Å"The Prince†. Whereas he embraced Machiavelli’s ideas concerning human nature, and separation of politics and morality, he ignored Machiavelli’s concept of military power, which led to his ultimate downfall. As described in Niccolo Machiavelli’s â€Å"The Prince†, to be a successful ruler, you must incorporate the principles or guidelines he sets in this pamphlet, three of the most important being, his concepts of human nature, his ideas about separation of politics and morality, and the reality of military power In chapters XV, XVI, XVII Machiavelli devotes a long time describing aspects of human nature that a prince must understand. Machiavelli says it is human nature to praise certain qualities and blame others. According to human nature certain qualities are considered worth of praise, for example: generosity, courage, and mercy. Other qualities would be considered worthy of blame: miserly, cowardly, and treacherous. But according to Machiavelli: â€Å"†¦ And I know that everyone will admit, that it would be a very praise  worthy thing to find in a prince, the qualities mentioned above, those that are held to be good; but since it is neither possible to have them or to observe them all completely, because the human condition does not permit it, a prince must be prudent enough to know how to escape the bad reputation of those vices that would loose the state for him, and must protect himself from those that will not use it for him† (Machiavelli, 52). In other words Machiavelli says that human nature praises certain qualities and blame others, but he says there is no way that human can do all the good things and avoid, and that a prince must figure out how to not take so much blame when he does wrong, and try to do as many good things as he can. For example regarding generosity and miserliness, Machiavelli says to be truly generous, one must be miserly at times. â€Å"A prince, therefore, being unable to use his virtue of generosity in a manner which will not harm himself†¦ should, if he is wise, not worry about being called a miser; for with time, he will come to be considered more generous†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (53) In one finally contrast, according to Machiavelli in regards to courage and cowardice, mercy and treachery he says † That every prince must desire to be considered merciful and not cruel; never the less, he must take care not to misuse this mercy†¦Therefore, a prince must not worry about the reproach of cruelty, when it is a matter of keeping his subjects united and loyal† (55). According to Machiavelli, there are times when you don’t worry about doing the right thing, if it leads to the end you are seeking. This kind of thinking is the basis for his ideas concerning the separation of politics and morality. In essence, Machiavelli’s philosophy concerning politics and morality is this: In order to achieve political prowess (i.e. power, glory, fame) you may need to break the rules, or be immoral. In chapter VIII and IX, Machiavelli describes the ways a man can become a prince. In addition to gaining a fortune, and political prowess, criminal acts and popularity contests can help a man’s rise to power. Machiavelli uses King Agathocles of Syracuse as an example of a man who rose to power through crime (30). King Agathocles rose to power through cruelty, and didn’t care about what was  right or wrong (morality). As described in Chapter IX, another means of achieving your political goals is † When a private citizen, not through wickedness or any other intolerable violence, but with the favour of his fellow citizens, becomes prince†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (33) He goes on to say † I maintain that one reaches this princedom either with the favour of he common people or with that of the nobility† (33). Machiavelli’s idea was that a prince needs to please both sides, the rich and the poor, by any means possible. Even if that means telling them what they want to hear, lying, doing whatever is necessary. Machiavelli suggests that it is acceptable to be immoral, if it gets someone what he or she wants. This appears on the surface to be very harsh and cruel, but he tempers his position by saying the one who gains power by treacherous means, may not gain as much glory as the one who gains power by virtuous means. Understanding human nature, and manipulating politics and morality are fine, but the true measure of a prince, is in his ability to wage war. Machiavelli measured the success of all principalities on their ability to gather an army. Machiavelli judged a prince on whether he could protect himself, or needed the protection of others. † I say that I judge those princes self-sufficient who, either through abundance of troops or of money, are able to gather together a suitable army and fight a good battle, against whoever should attack them† (37). A strong prince must build strong armies, and there are three types of armies. The princes own troops, mercenaries, and auxiliary troops. â€Å"Mercenaries and auxiliaries are useless and dangerous† (42). According to Machiavelli, these troops are undisciplined and disloyal. Machiavelli concludes that the only good army is one that is made up of your own countrymen (48). So important is the waging of war, and the building of a fearful army, Machiavelli suggests that this is the only thing a prince should think about. † A prince, therefore, must not have any other object nor any other thought, nor must he take anything as his profession, but war, its institutions, and its discipline†¦it is evident that when princes have given more thought to personal luxuries than to arms, they have lost their state.† (49) For Machiavelli a prince must devote a considerable amount of time in developing an army by use of any means possible, (once again playing on human nature) training in war time, and in peace time. The true measure of a successful prince as seen by Machiavelli, is in his ability to manipulate human nature, which involves a balance of contradiction and hypocrisy, achieving your political means morally or immorally, and securing your success by the establishment of a strong army. And if anything you must build a strong army first, in order to use the other two concepts to your advantage. Perhaps if Hitler had adhered to these principles in the correct measure, he too would be seen as a successful â€Å"prince.†

Exploration of Irony and Surprise Essay

Irony and surprise are common literary devices authors use to communicate their ideas when writing literary works. Irony allows the writer to suggest an interpretation that is different from the literal meaning of the words used in the text. The element of surprise allows the writer to manipulate the reader’s expectations and take them somewhere completely different. In the short stories, A Good Man Is Hard to Find by Flanney O’Connor and Happy Endings by Margaret Atwood, both authors use the element of irony and surprise to engage readers and to develop deeper levels of meaning in their text. In A Good Man is Hard to Find, O’connor uses several kinds of irony to communicate her message about the human condition. The foreshadowing of irony is established in the very beginning of the story when she gives us the reason for the grandmother getting dressed for the car ride. â€Å"In case of an accident anyone seeing the dead on the highway would know at once that she was lady. † The grandma is a character that is narrow-minded, ignorant, and critical of others but not of herself. She has the idea that the goodness of a person can be determined by their physical appearance and outward behavior. After the car crash,the Misfit makes an appearance and the grandmother recognizes the Misfit. His politeness, which is sincere but also done to put the family at ease, draws out the grandmother’s assessment of the Misfit: â€Å"Listen,† the grandmother almost screamed, â€Å"I know you’re a good man. You don’t look a bit like you have common blood. I know you must come from nice people! † At the beginning of the story, her opinion about the Misfit is quite the contrary but realizing the Misfit intends harm, she changes her opinion to save herself. The dramatic irony occurs towards the end of the story when the grandma who has been superficial till this point, is in her final moments alone with the Misfit and is able make sense of everything that has gone wrong in her life. She has an epiphany and feels sympathy for the Misfit as â€Å"one of [her] own children. † She is showing that she has found the ability to see others with compassion and kindness but this consciousness is immediately followed by three bullets to her chest. In Happy Ending by Margaret Atwood, we can trace the irony in the story’s title in relation to its content. In story A, we are given a perfect story of what an ideal marriage should be but the John and Mary still die and that is not a happy ending. Atwood challenges the reader to engage with all that happens in the middle because the journey is the interesting part In story A, John and Mary appear to be happy because they possess the ideal elements to a happy lifestyle: fabulous jobs, money, children, a large home, and personal luxuries. However, at the end of the story, they just die and the story comes to an end. As the stories progress, the characters’ lives become a bit more complicated, but they still always end up at story A, and they die in the end. At the end. By the end, all one can say is the fact of what has happened, not the â€Å"how† or the â€Å"why† of the situation. In story A, how do all these things make the couple happy. Why? They’re really not happy at all and have no actual story to tell. A Good Man Is Hard to Find by Flanney O’Connor and Happy Endings by Margaret Atwood, both authors use the element of surprise to manipulate the reader’s expectation. In A Good Man Is Hard to Find, the contribution of surprise can be traced in the plot line. The story strings the reader along in believing it is about a comedic family vacation with funny situations that happen along the way. We reach a turning point when the family car crashes and encounters the Misfit, everyone dies of a tragic death that is caused by the grandma. In Happy Endings ,the title misleads the reader in assuming the story would have a happy ending but in fact every ending leads to death. A Good Man Is Hard to Find by Flanney O’Connor and Happy Endings by Margaret Atwood, both authors use irony to reveal the less obvious truths about the human condition. Both authors use the element of surprise is use to take the readers down an unexpected path. Both of the short stories integrate the elements of irony and surprise seamlessly in their works. I personally enjoyed reading and analyzing A Good Man Is Hard to Find by Flanney O’Connor more than the other one because it is a higher quality story with a richer plot line and character development. The story is crafted beautifully.

Faces of Aids: Gender Inequality and Hiv/Aids

Running Head: Face of AIDS: Gender Inequality and HIV/AIDS 1 Face of AIDS: Gender Inequality and HIV/AIDS Introduction The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which eventually develops into acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a devastating disease that has reached pandemic levels, affecting all populations worldwide. Since the first reported case of HIV/AIDS in the early 1980s, HIV/AIDS has become one of the leading causes of mortality across the globe in the history of mankind (U. S.Global Health Policy [USGHP], 2010). While HIV/AIDS has contributed significantly to the global burden of disease; amongst those living with HIV/AIDS, it has had devastating impacts on women and girls. Amid 40 million people living with HIVAIDS globally, virtually half of them are women (Quinn & Overbaugh, 2005). In addition, new infection rates have been escalating dramatically worldwide, with most centralized in developing countries (The Global Coalition on Women and AIDS [GCWA], n. d. ).In su b-Saharan Africa, women account for almost 60% of all infected adults, while girls account for approximately 75% of all infected young people between ages of 15 and 24 (Brijnath, 2007; Quinn & Overbaugh, 2005). In developing countries such as sub-Saharan Africa, the proportion of women infected with HIV/AIDS is also on the rise, for every ten men infected with HIV/AIDS, 13 women are diagnosed HIV-positive (Brijnath, 2007). In developed countries such as United States, the incidence of HIV/AIDS had increased by 15% compared with 1% that of men from 1999 to 2003 (Quinn & Overbaugh, 2005).These alarming statistics imply an ominous future for women and girls affected by the disease – feminization of HIV/AIDS. This paper will highlight the burden of disease implications on gender inequality in developing nations. Running Head: Face of AIDS: Gender Inequality and HIV/AIDS 2 Feminization of HIV/AIDS When HIV/AIDS cases were first reported, it was viewed that HIV/AIDS was a disease a mongst homosexual men, and the main modes of transmission were through men who have sex with men (MSM).Presently, however, 80% of infections were contracted through heterosexual sex while 19% were through drug injections (Quinn & Overbaugh, 2005). It is evident that women and girls are bearing a hefty portion of the burden of HIV/AIDS. Women and girls are socially, physically, and biologically more vulnerable to HIV/AIDs transmissions and stigma associated with the disease. On the societal level, women in developing countries are perceived as being inferior, which is the root cause of gender profiling and stigma towards this group (Quinn & Overbaugh, 2005).The society have set the stage for women and girls to be more susceptible to means for HIV/AIDS transmission; furthermore infringing on their freedom of choice. Due to cultural structure and gender norms, women and girls are deprived of education, thus they grow to be economically dependent on men. This limits their autonomy to re fuse sexual liaisons with their intimate partner. For instance, the practice of safe sex through condom usage is mainly the males’ choices, while women have restricted negotiation power (Mulligan, 2006). The minority status of women in developing countries thus exposes them to high rates of HIV/AIDS infections.Gender norms impacts of HIV/AIDS are discerning and even more harmful towards women and girls because they face stigmatization and discrimination on a greater magnitude than men. An ethnographic study conducted by Carr et al. (2004) reported that women were more concerned about the psychosocial insinuations affiliated with being HIV-positive, rather Running Head: Face of AIDS: Gender Inequality and HIV/AIDS 3 than the adverse health outcomes of the disease. The fear of stigmatization accompanying disclosure of HIV-positive status has hindered women from reaching out for appropriate and necessary medical and mental support.Stigma and discrimination have shown to have neg ative effects on women’s mental and physical wellbeing because they suffer from social isolation and low self-esteem (Carr & Gramling, 2004). This has not only resulted in the under-representation of HIV-positive women, it has also created barriers for women to attain better health (Carr & Gramling, 2004). Being physically inferior to men, women are prone to be coerced and being victims of sexual violence. These factors contribute to escalating infection rates because there is an increasing likelihood for survival sex work (Brijnath, 2007).Attributable to poverty and lack of education, women resolve to prostitution for survival. The combination of lack of knowledge regarding practices of safe sex and frequent encounters of sexual partners further enhance women and girls’ vulnerabilities to contracting the disease. Sexual violence is also a common theme among women living with HIV/AIDS (Rountree & Mulraney, 2008). Moreover, it has also been suggested that women are biol ogically more susceptible to disease progression of HIV/AIDS when taking hormonal contraceptives (Quinn & Overbaugh, 2005).The Global Coalition on Women and AIDS The feminization of HIV/AIDS is evident, and requires serious attention. Gender inequality in developing countries has placed significant burden of disease on women, and has been the propelling force for feminization of HIV/AIDS pandemic. In recognizing and fully comprehending the severity of this pandemic, The Global Coalition on Women and AIDS (GCWA) has taken initiative towards fighting for a brighter future for women on a national level. Running Head: Face of AIDS: Gender Inequality and HIV/AIDS 4GCWA is an UNAIDS collaborative effort, which involves diverse networks of organizations and political bodies to alleviate this burden of disease on women and girls (GCWA, n. d. ). The objectives of GCWA are to provide necessary medical attention to those in need, raising awareness, mitigate violence against women, and promote gender equality. GCWA tackles issues concerned with gender inequality and the adverse impacts it has had on women. Public Health Intervention Recommendation Gender inequality and inferiority are the undertow that has deteriorated the feminization trend of HIV/AIDS.Public health initiatives should focus on empowering women and improving their independence. This can be achieved through specialized support systems that educate and raise public awareness of the roots and gravity of the situations. Furthermore, this should be complemented with employment referencing and acquisition support programs to enrich their economic autonomy. Conclusion HIV/AIDS has become a feminizing pandemic, resulting in disproportionate burden of disease on women and girls. Traditional subordination of women as minorities has exacerbated the severity of the issues.Global Coalition on Women and AIDs is a comprehensive initiative that targets the root of this problem. Future initiatives for decreasing this gap of gender inequality should emphasize on empowering women and promoting their autonomy. Running Head: Face of AIDS: Gender Inequality and HIV/AIDS 5 References Brijnath, B. (2007). It’s about time: Engendering AIDS in Africa. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 9(4), 371-386. Carr, R. L. , & Gramling, L. F. (2004). Stigma: A health barrier for women with HIV/AIDS. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 15(5), 30-39. Mulligan, S. (2006). Women and HIV/AIDS.The Furrow, 57(4), 232-238. Quinn, T. C. , & Overbaugh, J. (2005). HIV/AIDS in women: An expanding epidemic. Women’s Health, 308, 1582-1583. Rountree, M. A. , & Mulraney, M. (2008). HIV/AIDS risk reduction intervention for women who have experienced intimate partner violence. Clinical Social Work Journal, 38, 207-216. The Global Coalition on Women and AIDS. (n. d. ). About GCWA. Retrieved March 25, 2011, from http://www. womenandaids. net/about-gcwa. aspx U. S. Global Health Policy. (2010). AIDS deaths (adults an d children) 2009. Retrieved March 27, 2011, from http://www. globalhealthfacts. org/topic. jsp? i=7

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Tangle wood Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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International Economics - Essay Example In the case of a country’s competitiveness, it is directly associated with its economic activities and complex international trade condition (Wong & Grinols 1995).It is therefore clear that countries with substantial economic activities and potential earnings are viewed to be competitive enough to play their part in the worldwide economy. In the same way, those countries with poor economic performances are most likely known or called for their incapacity to compete in the world’s economic activities. This is eventually true when one has to try to take a look at the right measures used in economic performances. Adam Smith and David Ricardo and other economists come to agree that the competitive advantage of a certain location may be due to its local availability of resources for production purposes (Sachs & Warner 2001). However, it is not all the time that those countries with enough supply of resources may stand competitive over the other. In the same way, a country with arable lands does not necessarily mean economic competitiveness in its part. Most likely, the availability of enough manpower does not automatically mean a competitive advantage. If factor of international trade and factor input mobility are not considered, a certain region or country with larger resources can be capable of producing goods and services compared to other market or economy (Easterly & Levine 2003). In this paper the proponent elaborately discusses the extent to which factor availability is no longer an effective explanation of the competitiveness of regions or countries. There are other important factors t hat need to be elaborately discussed in order to understand further the true nature of competitiveness of a country. Some other countries have become so intensively competitive due to their political control or power in the world wide economy. There are other environmental issues that need to be considered and in the end it is important to create a link of them to the

African Americans and the Prison System Essay Example for Free

African Americans and the Prison System Essay I. Introduction In the book the Mugging of Black America, Earl Ofari Hutchinson relays an interesting experience by a reporter. The reporter, who spent two and a half hours watching suspects march before Washington, D. C. Superior Court Judge Morton Berg, noted that all but one of these subjects was Black. He stated, ? Â §There is an odd air about the swift afternoon? Xan atmosphere like that of British Africa in colonial times? Xas the procession of tattered, troubled, scowling, poor blacks plead guilty or not guilty to charges of drug possession, drug distribution, assault, armed robbery, theft, breaking in, fraud and arson. According to Hutchinson, the reporter witnessed more than a courtroom scene; he witnessed the legacy of slavery. This paper will attempt expand on Hutchinson? Â ¦s theory. It will do so by first describing slavery and its lasting impact then it will attempt to show how the current criminal justice system mirrors slavery. PART 1: Slavery I. The History of Oppression and African Americans The history of the oppression as it relates to African Americans began in 1619. It was this year in which a Dutch ship brought the first slaves from Africa to North America. Following this arrival of twenty Africans in Virginia, white European-Americans created the institution of slavery. Slavery spread so quickly that by 1860 the original twenty slaves turned into nearly four million. In the beginning the legal status of these Africans was undefined. This absent definition created a lack of certainty which allowed for some slaves to become free after years of service. This only lasted briefly. In the 1660s, however, the colonies began enacting laws that defined and regulated slaves and the institution of slavery. One of the most important of these was the provision that black slaves, and the children of slave women, would serve for life. These ? Â §breeding laws were just the beginning. Soon, slavery in the United States was governed by a body of laws developed from the 1660s to the 1860s. Even though every slave state had its own slave code and case law, it became universal that slavery was a permanent condition. In addition to slavery being a permanent condition, slaves were also, under these laws, considered property. Slaves, being property, could not own property or be a party to a contract. Since marriage is a form of a contract, slave marriages had no legal standing. Most codes also had sections regulating free blacks. Under these codes blacks who were not slaves were still subject to controls on their movements and employment. These laws served not only as a physical limitation, but an ideological one also. In addition to granting slave owners and white people power over slaves and in some cases free blacks, the laws also granted slaveholders and white-Europeans an intangible source of power. Socially, the institution of slavery allowed white slave owners to believe they had not only physical control, but physical and mental superiority over the slaves. With only a few exceptions, all slaves were Africans. This fact placed the label of inferiority on black skin. The actual institution of slavery as it relates to master and slave lasted up in till the Civil war. The American Civil War was fought, in part, over slavery. During the war, President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which ? Â §freed all slaves. This seemingly, brought the end of slavery throughout the United States, but unfortunately left a lasting impression. From this point on slavery took on a new form as former slaves being associated with the label of inferiority. II. The lasting effects of slavery: continuous oppression Slavery is defined by Webster? Â ¦s dictionary as ? Â §The state of being under the control of another person . Aalthough the actual physical control and violence supposedly ended after the emancipation proclamation, The intangible theory of supremacy derived from the institution of slavery resulted in many lasting effects. These effects in and of themselves are a form of force, a form slavery. a. The lost sense of culture and cultural pride: Feeling of inferiority Slave drivers made great efforts to eliminate African culture. For instance Africans were beaten if they were caught speaking their native languages or carrying out native rituals . Therefore, they were not able to effectively pass the languages, stories and traditions on to their children. This forced suppression resulted in the loss of verbal records and a rich legacy of history. It is no secret that there is pride in culture. Taking away the culture takes away the pride and the motivation and results in feelings of worthlessness. b. no economic foundation Slave drivers not only attempted to deprive the Africans of there culture and pride, but they successfully robbed them economically. Slaves were forced to work without pay for years while padding the pockets of the slave owners. This deficit of economics resulted in an inability to establish an economic foundation in the United States. c. Unleveled playing field Along with the deprivation of financial resources, another significant factor concerning the state of African Americans is arrested development. Slaves were deprived of opportunities to learn and become more competitive in many areas of society. Black people were not allowed to read or learn to read, so they could not take advantage of written text. All these lasting effects placed blacks in a severely disadvantaged state when slavery was abolished, led a socioeconomic structure in which white people generally held the highest ranks and Black people generally held the lowest ranks. III. Maintaining oppression In order to maintain this socioeconomic structure, there always seems to be a new form of oppression set in place to maintain ? Â §slavery. As if the above detrimental effects of slavery were not enough, the White southerners were anxious to maintain more direct power and control over people with black skin, despite there classification as ? Â §free. The White southerners decided to, again, use the law in order crystallize there theory of inferiority and keep black people at the lowest ranks. In 1865, southerners created Black Codes, which served as a way to control and inhibit the freedom of ex-slaves. These historic Codes controlled almost all aspects of life, and prohibited African Americans from almost all the freedoms that had been won during the Civil War. The codes, which were blatantly racist and oppressive, were eventually suspended in June 1866, during the ? Â §reconstruction era. During this time period in America and despite resistance, African-Americans were slowly becoming part of this nations inclusion. By 1868, the 14th Amendment to the Constitution confirmed the long awaited citizenship for Blacks in America. By 1870, the 15th Amendment was added to the Constitution which made it illegal to deny the right to vote based on race. The Reconstruction era, although short-lived, showed the first real attempts of inclusive freedom for African-Americans since the abolition of slavery. Gains were taking place: Citizenship, Voting, Education, and Politics. But, the underlying desire to have power over those in black skin never subsided. Just like the black Codes, this desire to dominate again manifested itself in another form, Jim Crow Laws. These laws promoted discrimination and the denial of equal protection by law. Just like the codes, they too were eventually abolished. Just like the Codes, Jim Crow laws, the desire of our society to suppress those in black skin will soon take another form. Today that form is the Criminal Justice System. PART 2 The New Age Slavery: The Prison System I. The Prison Institution Prisons are big in the United States. During the past 20 years, the United States experienced a massive increase in incarceration. The prison population increased fourfold, from 330,000 in 1980 to nearly 1. 4 million in 1999, and the incarceration rate increased from about 140 to about 476 per 100,000 resident populations. Today there are more than two million Americans behind bars. But even more startling is the fact that more than one-half of these incarcerated Americans have black skin. Although black Americans only make up about 12% of the US population, they account for more then 30% of all arrests, 44% of all prisoners and 40% of prisoners on death row. II. Race and the Prison System These obvious disparities in the criminal justice system can be attributed to many different things ranging from racial profiling to the lack of opportunity and poor education, but most criminal justice observers believe that these disparities have emerged from the underlying assumptions rooted in slavery. The assumption that slaves were inferior has carried over to today. Currently this theory of inferiority and desire to maintain oppression influences one of the major policies in place attacking African Americans today, the ? Â §war on drugs. Most of the shocking disparities in the criminal Justice System as it relates to African Americans in prison can be attributed to the ? Â §war on drugs. According to a study by Human Rights Watch, African-Americans comprise 62 percent of the drug offenders admitted to state prisons. In seven states, blacks constitute between 80 and 90 percent of all people sent to prison on drug charges. According to studies of the U. S. Commission on Civil Rights, African-Americans constitute 15 percent of the national drug users, but comprise an amazing one-third of all those arrested on drug charges and 57 percent of those convicted on drug charges. The criminal justice system generally, and contemporary crime and drug policies in particular, serve as a means for White America to control the African Americans like they did in the 1600 . III. The lasting oppression Similarly to the black codes and segregation implemented after the abolition of slavery; restrictions are placed on prisoners after they are released. Once a prisoner is released from prison, parole and the bans on public assistance, public housing restrictions, etc. create barriers and a seemingly doomed cycle of dominance. Since half of the prisoners in prison are African American, these barriers, like the lasting effects of slavery, have a disproportionate effect on our black communities. III. The effects of oppression According to the Department of Justice? Â ¦s Bureau of Justice statistics, the number of adults in prison, jail, or on probation or parole reached almost 7 million during 2004. Since Blacks comprise 30 percent of probationers and 41 percent of prisoners. That means around 4,500,000 African Americans are affected directly by the criminal justice system. Unfortunately those African Americans sent to prison or under parole are not the only people affected. The impact on the black community does not stop at the prison door, conversely it goes far beyond. Even after a prisoner is released there are lasting effects to the prisoner, his or her family and the community as a whole. a. Demise of the Black family One effect of the high rate of incarceration of African American males in particular has been the decreasing number of marriageable men in the African American community. Along with high rates of homicide, AIDS-related deaths and other factors, this has created a substantial imbalance in the male-female ratio among adult African Americans. Whereas gender ratios for African Americans at birth are about 102-103 males for every 100 females, by the age range 40-44, this declines to 86 males per 100 females, whereas white rates are 100:100 for this group. b. Lost political voice The impact of the criminal justice system on the black community goes beyond the declining family structure to issues of political influence as well. As a result of laws that disenfranchise felons and ex-felons in various states, an estimated 1. 4 million African American males, or 13% of the black male adult population, is either currently or permanently disenfranchised as a result of a felony conviction. In fourteen states, a felony conviction can result in lifetime disenfranchisement, and in seven of these states, an estimated one in four black males is permanently disenfranchised. Thus, not only are criminal justice policies contributing to the disproportionate incarceration of African Americans, but imprisonment itself then reduces the collective political ability of African Americans to influence these policies. V. Solutions The constant demise in the structure of the black family, lost political influence and seemingly arrested development are all very familiar results of a history of oppression. Since these effects of slavery and disparities in the criminal justice system seemingly steam from hundreds of years ago there is no quick fix. Ideally the answer would lie in the destruction of all prejudice. But, it is impossible to erase the deep seated legacy and resurfacing effects of slavery. Therefore this problem must be attacked from a variety of different angles. Recommendations for change can be considered in the areas of awareness, legislative change, criminal justice officials? Â ¦ initiatives, and criminal justice/community partnerships. The following are some suggested that will allow for a beginning to a seemingly circular and endless problem. 1. Legislative Actions Legislation should be pushed to Reconsider Mandatory Sentencing Policies and Equalize Penalties for Crack and Powder Cocaine . 2. Criminal Justice Officials? Â ¦ Initiatives ?n Criminal Justice Officials should Expand Drug Policy Options And Expand the Use of Alternative Sentencing 3. Criminal Justice/Community Partnerships. The criminal Justice system and the community should attempt to Increase Community-based Diversion from the Criminal Justice System And Strengthen the Link between Communities and the Justice System VI. Closing Oppression in the form of institutionalization is nothing new to those dressed in black skin; it has been present since 1619. In this year Africans were brought to the United States and forced into the institution of slavery. Even after the abolition of slavery, a series of codes and segregation laws were set in place to maintain the suppression of black people because black skin was stigmatized as inferior. Even though the prejudice and biased codes and laws were eventually abolished themselves, this stigma remains. Because this theory of black inferiority was embedded in the American culture due to slavery, various means of oppression are able to continually resurface in different forms. Today that form is Criminal Justice System, more specifically the drug policies. Practically mirroring the institution of slavery, African Americans are being controlled and dominated by this system. Control by the USCJS includes the probation, parole, imprisonment, lost economic power, struggling communities and lost political voice. In order to end this vicious cycle of oppression, action must be taken. First people must be made aware of the disparities. Next those who are made aware must press for legislative change, criminal justice officials? Â ¦ initiatives, and criminal justice/community partnerships. The challenge for the community at large is to engage in broad discussion of the mix of family, community, and government initiatives that can begin to reverse the cycle that has been set in motion in recent years. Let? Â ¦s do what Abraham attempted o do in 1877, let? Â ¦s end this legacy of slavery.